Detección polimórfica del rs104893850 de MSX1 y rs28933373 de PAX9 en personas con agenesia dental no sindrómica / Polymorphic detection of rs104893850 of MSX1 and rs28933373 of PAX9 in people with non syndromic dental agnesia

Introducción: la agenesia dental no sindrómica (ADNS) genera efec- tos negativos en la salud oral y psicosocial de los seres humanos. El determinante genético desempeña un papel importante en su desarrollo. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de los polimorfismos rs104893850 de MSX1 y rs28933373 de PAX9 en pacientes de seis a 18 años con ADNS. Material y métodos: estudio transversal prolectivo en el cual se revisaron individuos de seis a 18 años sin defectos congénitos y originarios del estado de Durango. Después de haber obtenido su con- sentimiento para formar parte del estudio, se estableció el diagnóstico de ADNS a través de una inspección clínica odontológica y un examen radiográfico. Se tomó una muestra de sangre capilar para la genotipi- ficación de los polimorfismos a través de la técnica de qPCR-HRM. Resultados: de un total de 124 individuos, 77 (62%) mujeres y 47 (38%) hombres; sólo 39 presentaron ADNS. En el análisis polimórfico de rs104893850 de MSX1 y rs28933373 de PAX9 se obtuvo 94.9% y 84.6% respectivamente de homocigotos mutados. Conclusiones: se obtuvo una alta frecuencia de hipodoncia, el diente que mostró más agenesia fue el órgano dentario 18. Las mutaciones polimórficas están presentes en una alta proporción de agenesia dental (AU)

Introduction: non-syndromic dental agenesis (NSDA) generates negative oral health and psychosocial effects in humans. The genetic determinant plays an important role in its development. Objective: to determine the frequency of MSX1 rs104893850 and PAX9 rs28933373 polymorphisms in patients aged 6 to 18 years with NSDA. Material and methods: prolective cross-sectional study, in which individuals aged 6 to 18 years without congenital defects and from the city of Durango were reviewed. After obtaining their consent to be part of the study, the diagnosis of NSDA was established through a clinical dental inspection, a radiographic examination and a capillary blood sample was taken for the genotyping of the polymorphisms through the qPCR-HRM technique. Results: out of a total of 124 individuals, 77 (62%) females and 47 (38%) males; only 39 presented ADNS. In the polymorphic analysis of rs104893850 of MSX1 and rs28933373 of PAX9 we obtained 94.9% and 84.6% respectively of mutated homozygotes. Conclusions: a high frequency of hypodontia was obtained, and the tooth that presented the most agenesis was dental organ 18. Polymorphic mutations are present in a high proportion for dental agenesis (AU)

Dientes fuera de la cavidad oral, un hallazgo infrecuente / Teeth outside the oral cavity, an uncommon finding

Los dientes derivan de tres estructuras embriológicas importantes: las células de la cresta neural, el mesodermo y el ectodermo bucal. Asimismo, los teratomas son lesiones tumorales que se desarrollan a partir de las células germinales de las tres capas germinativas embrionarias y que pueden dar lugar a la formación de estructuras dentales, adiposas, pilosas, óseas, cartilaginosas en localizaciones anatómicas aberrantes pudiendo aparecer en los pulmones, los ovarios, los testículos, la región hipofisiaria y pineal. Se trata de lesiones generalmente asintomáticas y subclínicas que tienden a aparecer en las primeras tres décadas de la vida y son comúnmente diagnosticadas de forma accidental mediante estudios imagenológicos como la tomografía axial computarizada o la resonancia magnética. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 28 años a quien se le realizó la extirpación de una masa tumoral en el ovario con el diagnóstico presuntivo de teratoma, y al realizar su apertura se encontraron órganos dentarios en su interior. El objetivo principal de este artículo es explicar el proceso embrionario que da lugar a losdientes y las circunstancias patológicas que pueden ocasionar que esteproceso odontogénico se suscite en sitios anatómicos aberrantes yatípicos ajenos a la cavidad bucal.

Teeth are derived from three important embryological structures: the neural crest cells, oral mesoderm and ectoderm. Also, teratomas aretumoral lesions that are developed from the germ cells of the threeembryonic germinative layers and that can give rise to the formation of dental, adipose, hairy, bony, cartilaginous structures in aberrant anatomical locations that can appear in lungs, ovaries, testicles, pituitary and pineal region. These are usually asymptomatic and subclinical lesions that tend to appear in the first three decades of lifeand are commonly diagnosed accidentally by imaging studies such ascomputed tomograph or magnetic resonance imaging. We describe thecase of a 28-year-old patient who was removed from a tumor mass in theovary with a presumptive diagnosis of teratoma and when they openedit, dental organs were found inside. The main objective of this articleis to explain the embryonic process that gives rise to the teeth and thepathological circumstances that can cause this odontogenic process toarise in anatomical aberrant and atypical sites outside the oral cavity.

Role of genes in oro-dental diseases.

In oral cavity, the spectrum of diseases due to genetic alterations ranges from developmental disturbances of teeth to the pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions. Of late, significant progress has been made in the molecular analysis of tumors. With molecular genetic testing emerging as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approach, a review of genetic alterations ranging from the development of oro-facial structures to the tumors in the head and neck region are addressed in this article. The functional regulatory aspect of genes in relation to oro-facial structures are discussed separately, i.e., in relation to tooth genesis, tooth agenesis (non-syndromic, syndromic), tooth structural alterations, syndromic oro-facial defects, bone diseases, skin diseases (genodermatoses), and malignant tumors. In this literature, various genes involved in the development of the oro-facial structures and tooth in particular are discussed. The genetic basis of disorders in the tooth development (agenesis, hypodontia), tooth structural defects like amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and oro-facial structural alterations (various syndromes) are explained.

A genética da odontogênese / Genetic model of tooth development

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a genética da formação dos dentes. São aqui abordadas as principais moléculas envolvidas na interação epitélio-mesênquima, responsável pela formação da estrutura dental. O objetivo é contribuir para um melhor entendimento da cascata genética envolvida na formação do dente, bem como auxiliar na prática odontológica, procurando despertar a atenção do profissional para o conhecimento científico e facilitar assim a identificação de possíveis problemas, como as más oclusões, suas causas e conseqüências.

Through a review of the literature, this article discusses the genetic mechanisms that control tooth morphogenesis. Emphasis is placed upon the structure and function of some key molecules that participate in interactions between its epithelial-mesenchimal components. In this paper we will understand the mechanisms that control tooth morphogenesis and the dentistry should pay special attention to possible consequences of tooth number anomalies.

Localization of Bmp-4, Shh and Wnt-5a transcripts during early mice tooth development by in situ hybridization

A comparative nonisotopic in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis was carried out for the detection of Bmp-4, Shh and Wnt-5a transcripts during mice odontogenesis from initiation to cap stage. Bmp-4 was expressed early in the epithelium and then in the underlying mesenchyme. Shh expression was seen in the odontogenic epithelial lining thickening, being stronger in the enamel knot area, during the cap stage. Wnt-5a transcripts were expressed only in the mesenchyme during the initiation, bud and cap stages, with strong expression in the dental mesenchyme during the bud stage. The present results showed that Bmp-4, Shh and Wnt-5a are expressed since the very early stages of tooth development, and they suggest that the Wnt-5a gene is expressed in different cell populations than Bmp-4 and Shh.

No presente trabalho, realizou-se uma análise comparativa não isotópica por hibridização in situ a fim de se detectar a presença de transcritos de Bmp-4, Shh e Wnt-5a durante as fases iniciais da odontogênese em camundongos, desde a iniciação até o estágio de capuz. No estágio de iniciação, observou-se expressão precoce de Bmp-4 no epitélio e no mesênquima subjacente, enquanto que a expressão de Shh ocorreu durante o estágio de capuz, na região de espessamento do revestimento epitelial odontogênico, tornando-se mais intensa na área de nó do esmalte. Os transcritos de Wnt-5a foram expressos somente no mesênquima durante os estágios de iniciação, botão e capuz, com intenso sinal na região no mesênquima na fase de botão. Estes resultados mostraram que Bmp-4, Shh e Wnt-5a são expressos desde os estágios mais precoces do desenvolvimento dentário, sugerindo que o gene Wnt-5a seja expresso em populações celulares distintas daquelas que expressam Bmp-4 e Shh.

Expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the development of rat first molar tooth germ

Tooth germ development is associated with morphological and biochemical changes of the dental papilla and enamel organ. Enzymes with gelatinolytic activities were studied by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzymography in tooth germ of newborn to 15-day-old rats. Three major bands with gelatinolytic activity were detected at all periods and characterized as the latent and active forms of MMP-2 using their molecular weight and activity dependent on Zn++ and Ca++ ions as criteria. Expression and activity of MMP-2 increased progressively from 0 to 15 days after birth. Mechanical separation of the tooth germ from 10-day-old rats showed that the gelatinolytic activity was localized mainly in the dental papilla and not the dental organ. These data indicate that the expression and activity of MMP-2 varies during the development and maturation of rat first molar tooth germ.